5th Bedan Trans Exhibit...How to get plus point in Automotive

For all third Year Sections:


For Every Car Entry you have... i will give you plus 1 point(subjective grade)plus to your Project Grade..Example your grade in project is 85% + your class has 10 entries in the car show...so what will be your grade? 95% in project grade...

Now...if your car entry WINS any major or special award in the car show...i will give PLUS 1 in your CARD GRADE....yeah you read it right! PLUS 1 in CARD Grade.....Lets say 2 of your car entry wins 1 award a piece...so whats is your grade incentive???PLUS 2 in card grade...so that means when you get 85...your final grade in TLE Automotive will be 87....FINAL GRADE!!!!!ok?

IMPORTANT MESSAGE....Please do tell the Car owners or the DRIVERS to register the car entry for your CLASS.....Example Car1 eners the school premises and the Car show marshalls gave the registration form....the driver must say tha t this CAR is sponsored by Section X or section Y from third year.....gets for questions just ask me...or text me 0916 581 7265

Steering and Suspension

Suspension Systems

The purpose of the suspension system is to provide a smooth ride in the car and to help maintain control of the vehicle over rough terrain or in case of sudden stops. There are two basic types of suspension used in most cars today. Strut suspension and Conventional suspension. Suspension systems control the movement of the car and keep the tires in contact with the road, providing a better and safer ride.


















Shock Absorber
Shock absorber's are attached to the car's frame near each wheel on most cars with conventional suspension systems. Shock absorbers are either housed inside coil springs, or mounted beside them.
When your car hits a bump, the spring contracts. The shock absorber works with a piston and thick fluid inside it to keep the spring from rebounding too quickly, making your car ride smoother, improving control and reducing tire wear.



Coil Spring
Coil Springs are a component in both Strut and Conventional Suspension systems. When your car goes over a bump or has to stop quickly, the coil spring contracts then rebounds. It is the job of the Strut or Shock Absorber to keep the coil spring from rebounding too quickly.

Strut Assembly (Strut and Cartridge)
Most front wheel drive cars have some kind of Strut Suspension. The strut is a special type of shock absorber that helps to minimize the motion of the suspension. The coil spring surrounds the strut assembly. Struts and shock absorbers work in very similar ways. However, struts function as a structural part of the Suspension System, and therefore also affect things like wheel alignment, vehicle control and suspension wear.

Strut Suspension System
Most front wheel drive cars have some sort of Strut Suspension System. In the Strut Suspension System, a coil spring with a bearing plate at each end supports the car. The spring assembly rests on a seat. The Strut Suspension System helps to cushion the movement of the coil spring when a car hits a bump or a pothole and works to hold the tires to the road and provide better vehicle control.

Conventional (Shock Absorber) Suspension System
In conventional (Shock Absorber) Suspension Systems, two control arms are attached to the frame of the car and a coil spring and shock absorber are attached to the frame and one of the control arms. The spring and shock absorber work together to smooth the ride of the car over the roughness of the road. This suspension system works to hold the tires to the road and provide better vehicle control.





Steering System Mechanisms
The steering system on an automobile starts with exerting force on the steering wheel. This turning force is passed on to the pinion gear and is transferred to the rack. The tie rod on the end of the rack pushes or pulls the spindle to make the wheels turn.








Power Assist Piston
The power assist piston is a hydraulic unit that helps transmit force from the rack to the tie rod making it possible to steer the car while exerting less force on the steering wheel.

Pinion Gear
The pinion gear is attached to the steering wheel by the steering shaft. When the steering wheel is turned, the pinion gear turns. The teeth in the pinion gear mesh with the teeth on the rack, transferring the rotating motion to a side-to-side motion.

Rack
The rack is moved side to side by the motion of the pinion gear. The rack pushes or pulls on the tie rods which transmit the motion to the wheels. In a manual steering vehicle, all of the motion is controlled by the pinion gear moving the rack. In a power steering vehicle, there is a piston attached to the rack to help transmit the movement to the tie rods.

Tie Rod
The tie rod connects the key parts of the steering mechanism. They pass on the movement from the rack and pinion unit to the spindle connected to the wheel.

Spindle
The spindle is attached to the wheel and causes the wheel to turn when it is pushed or pulled by the tie rod, thereby turning the vehicle.

Rack and Pinion Unit
The rack and pinion unit houses the rack and pinion gear assemblies as well as the power assist piston.

Tire
The tire provides traction for steering and stopping the vehicle.




Steering & Suspension

The steering and suspension systems of a car are not only important for safety reasons but also enhances the comfort level of the vehicle. The two systems are directly related to each other, which is why they are always referred to together.

First lets look at the steering system. There are two basic types, standard mechanical steering and rack & pinion steering. The standard mechanical steering can be either power assisted or non-power. Rack & pinion is almost always power assisted although there are rare cases where it is not.

Standard mechanical steering uses a series of links and arms to insure both wheels turn in the same direction at the same time. It hasn't changed much in all the years it's been used and is quite simple.

Basically this is how it works; the steering wheel is connected to the steering box through the steering column. The steering box turns the rotation of the steering wheel 90° and, in the case of power steering, uses high-pressure fluid to help actuate the steering.

The steering box has an arm attached to the output shaft called the pitman arm. This connects the steering box to the steering gear. The pitman arm is connected to one end of the center or drag link. In the other end of the center link is an idler arm. Between the idler and pitman arms, the center link is supported in the proper position to keep the left and right wheels working together.

The inner tie rod ends are attached to either end of the center link and provides pivot points for the steering gear. From there it goes to the outer tie rod ends through an adjustment sleeve. This sleeve joins the inner and outer tie rod ends together and allows for adjustment when the front wheels are aligned. The outer tie rod ends are connected to the steering knuckle that actually turns the front wheels. The steering knuckle has an upper and lower ball joint that it pivots on and creates the geometry of the steering axis.

As you can see, it's pretty simple. It is just a simple mechanical connection from the steering wheel to the front wheels. The weaknesses of the system are at the pivot points. The pivots are ball and socket joints that do wear out over time and will require replacement. Loose steering parts will make a car difficult to handle and will cause the front tires to wear out prematurely. That's why it's important to have the steering checked at least once a year. A great time to do it is when you're in for an oil change. I always instruct my mechanics to check the steering and suspension while the car is up in the air and they're waiting for the oil to drain out.

Rack and pinion steering is somewhat different. Basically it combines the steering box and center link into one unit. The steering wheel, through the steering column, is directly connected to the rack. Inside the rack is a pinion assembly that moves a toothed piston to move the steering gear. One end of the inner tie rod ends is connected to either end of this piston and the other end is connected to directly to the outer tie rod end. The inner tie rod end is actually threaded into the outer tie rod end and can be rotated to make adjustments during a wheel alignment.

The advantage of rack and pinion steering is that it is more precise than the mechanical system. By reducing the number of parts and pivot points, it can more accurately control wheel direction and is more responsive. The down side of a rack and pinion steering system is that they are prone to leakage requiring replacement of the rack assembly.

Rack and pinion steering is almost always used with a MacPherson suspension system. The bottom of the steering knuckle still pivots on a lower ball joint, but the top of the knuckle is connected to the MacPherson strut. In this system the outer tie rod end is connected to an arm on the strut housing itself.

The MacPherson strut assembly replaces the upper control arm, front shock absorber and ball joint, increasing handling and responsiveness. It controls ride much the same way as a standard hydraulic shock absorber. It also keeps the front end aligned and eliminates, in some cases, the need for caster and camber adjustments. In most cases it also contains the front coil springs so care must be taken when you are replacing them.

The down side is that they will eventually start to leak and will require replacement. They generally last longer than a conventional shock absorber and that may offset the greater cost of the MacPherson strut assembly. As far as replacement goes, some struts have an internal shock assembly that can be replaced separate from the rest of the housing and others have to be replaced as a unit.

Electrical System

Electrical System ...How does it Work?

The electrical system of the automobile was, at first limited to the ignition equipment. However, electric lights and horns began to replace the kerosene and acetylene lights and the bulb horns with the advent of the electric starter on a 1912 model. Electrification was rapid and complete, and, by 1930, six-volt systems were standard everywhere. The electrical system consists of a storage battery, generator, starting (cranking) motor, lighting system, ignition system, and various accessories and controls.


The ignition system consists of the spark plugs, coil, distributor, and battery, and provides the spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the cylinders of the engine. In order to jump the gap between the electrodes of the spark plugs, the 12-volt potential of the electrical system must be stepped up to about 20,000 volts. This happens with the aid of a circuit that starts with the battery, one side of which is grounded on the chasis and leads through the ignition switch to the primary winding of the ignition coil and back to the ground through an interrupter switch. A high voltage id induced across the secondary of the coil by interrupting the primary circuit. The high-voltage secondary terminal of the coil leads to a distributor that acts as a rotary switch, alternately connecting the coil to each of the wires leading to the spark plugs.


The generator is the basic source of energy for the various electrical devices of the automobile. An alternator that is belt-driven from the engine crankshaft is also used at times. The design is usually an alternating-current type with built-in rectifiers and a voltage regulator to match the generator output to the electric load and also to the charging requirements of the battery, regardless of engine speed.

To store excess output of the generator, a lead-acid battery is used which serves as a reservoir. Energy for the starting motor is thus made available along with power for operating other electric devices when the engine is not running or when the generator speed is not sufficiently high to carry the load.

The starting motor then drives a small spur gear, which is so arranged that it automatically moves into mesh with gear teeth on the rim of the flywheel as the starting-motor armature begins to turn. As soon as the engine starts, the gear is disengaged, which prevents the starting motor from getting damaged due to overspeeding. The starting motor is designed for high current consumption and delivers considerable power for its size for a limited time.



Ignition System

BATTERY
The battery is the backbone of your vehicle’s electrical system. It supplies power to the starter and ignition system. It also delivers the extra power needed when the electrical load exceeds the alternator’s supply.
You should have your battery and it’s connections checked at every oil change.

If your battery is more than three years old, it’s a good idea to think about replacing it.


STARTER
The starter cranks the engine when the ignition switch is turned on. It’s located on the back of the engine or the front of the transmission.











Charging System

ALTERNATOR
The alternator is your car’s electrical charger. It generates direct current for recharging the battery. It also helps power the other electrical loads of your car. It’s various parts are contained in an aluminum housing.


An alternator that is belt-driven from the engine crankshaft is also used at times. The design is usually an alternating-current type with built-in rectifiers and a voltage regulator to match the generator output to the electric load and also to the charging requirements of the battery, regardless of engine speed.

Cooling System

What is a Cooling System?

Today's cooling system must maintain the engine at a constant temperature whether the outside air temperature is 110 degrees Fahrenheit or 10 below zero. If the engine temperature is too low, fuel economy will suffer and emissions will rise. If the temperature is allowed to get too hot for too long, the engine will self destruct.

How Does a Cooling System Work?
Actually, there are two types of cooling systems found on motor vehicles: Liquid cooled and Air cooled. Air cooled engines are found on a few older cars, Many modern motorcycles still use air cooling, but for the most part, automobiles and trucks use liquid cooled systems and that is what this article will concentrate on.


The cooling system is made up of the passages inside the engine block and heads, a water pump to circulate the coolant, a thermostat to control the temperature of the coolant, a radiator to cool the coolant, a radiator cap to control the pressure in the system, and some plumbing consisting of interconnecting hoses to transfer the coolant from the engine to radiator and also to the car's heater system where hot coolant is used to warm up the vehicle's interior on a cold day.


A cooling system works by sending a liquid coolant through passages in the engine block and heads. As the coolant flows through these passages, it picks up heat from the engine. The heated fluid then makes its way through a rubber hose to the radiator in the front of the car. As it flows through the thin tubes in the radiator, the hot liquid is cooled by the air stream entering the engine compartment from the grill in front of the car. Once the fluid is cooled, it returns to the engine to absorb more heat. The water pump has the job of keeping the fluid moving through this system of plumbing and hidden passages.


The Radiator
The radiator core is usually made of flattened aluminum tubes with aluminum strips that zigzag between the tubes. These fins transfer the heat in the tubes into the air stream to be carried away from the vehicle. On each end of the radiator core is a tank, usually made of plastic that covers the ends of the radiator,



Radiator Fans

Mounted on the back of the radiator on the side closest to the engine is one or two electric fans inside a housing that is designed to protect fingers and to direct the air flow. These fans are there to keep the air flow going through the radiator while the vehicle is going slow or is stopped with the engine running.




Water Pump
A water pump is a simple device that will keep the coolant moving as long as the engine is running.
Thermostat
The thermostat is simply a valve that measures the temperature of the coolant and, if it is hot enough, opens to allow the coolant to flow through the radiator.
Hose-There are several rubber hoses that make up the plumbing to connect the components of the cooling system. The main hoses are called the upper and lower radiator hoses. These two hoses are approximately 2 inches in diameter and direct coolant between the engine and the radiator.

Fuel System

Your car fuel system is an important key to keeping fuel running to the motor giving your car the power and response needed for driving.
Knowing Your Car Fuel System
The car fuel system feeds your engine the gasoline/diesel it needs to run. If anyone of the parts in the system break down your engine will not run. Let's look at the major parts of the fuel system:

Fuel Tank
Basically a holding tank for your fuel. When you fill up at a petrol station the petrol travels down the filler tube and into the tank. In the tank there is a sending unit, which tells the petrol gauge how much petrol is in the tank.

Fuel Pump
On newer cars the fuel pump is usually installed in the fuel tank. Older cars have the fuel pump attached to the engine or on the frame rail between the tank and the engine. If the pump is in the tank or on the frame rail then it is electric and is run by your cars battery. Fuel pumps mounted to the engine use the motion of the engine to pump the fuel.

Fuel Filter
Clean fuel is critical to engine life and performance. Fuel injectors have tiny openings, which clog easily so filtering the fuel is the only way to prevent this. Filters can be before or after the fuel pump, sometimes both.

Fuel Injectors
Most domestic cars after 1986 and earlier foreign cars came from the factory with fuel injection. Instead of a carburetor to mix the fuel and air, a computer controls when the fuel injectors open to let fuel into the engine. This has resulted in lower emissions and better fuel economy. The fuel injector is basically a tiny electric valve, which opens and closes with an electric signal. In the picture below you can see the injectors towards the outer part of the intake. By injecting the fuel close to the cylinder head the fuel stays atomized ( in tiny particles ) so it will burn better when ignited by the spark plug.

Carburetors:
A carburetor takes the fuel and mixes it with air without computer intervention. While simple in operation, they tend to need frequent tuning and rebuilding. This is why most newer cars have done away with carburetors in favor of fuel injection.














Common Car Fuel System Problems:

I would say the most common problem is a clogged fuel filter. Make sure you follow your manufacturers recommendations as to when you should change the fuel filter. This information should be in your owner’s manual. Symptoms include sputtering at high speeds or engine not starting at all. Always check the ignition system first, if that's ok then the next suspect is the fuel filter.

Next most common problem is the fuel pump failing. Most modern electric fuel pumps can be heard when you turn the key on. If you don't hear the pump running and your car will not start, it could be your fuel pump. The first thing a mechanic will check is the relay, which sends power to the pump. If this is operating correctly then the pump will have to be replaced.

Last but not least are dirty injectors. While the fuel filter does a good job of filtering the fuel, it's not perfect. Over time deposits and tiny particles lodge themselves in the injectors. This can clog and injector and prevent it from delivering the fuel the engine needs. It can also cause an injector to stick open and send too much fuel into the engine. A regular addition of fuel system cleaner like STP Injector Cleaner, or Techtron fuel system cleaner can help keep your injectors clean. Most petrol stations, department stores and all automotive parts stores will have a good cleaner available. Add it to your empty tank right before you fill up and it will clean as you drive. I recommend doing this every 3 months to keep your injectors performing like new. Mechanics also offer a cleaning service where they actually disconnect the fuel line and flush cleaner through the engine. This is only necessary when you let your injectors get to a point where they can not be cleaned by a store-bought product. Regular use of a good in-tank cleaner will keep you from having to pay for this service.

Transmission System

Automobile Transmission
The transmission system in a car helps in transmitting mechanical power from the engine to the wheels. Though quite a few types of transmission devices are available all over the world we would be discussing the manual transmission in details as it is the widely used transmission system in India. Automatic transmission will be briefly touched upon as they are slowly making their presence felt in the country.

Manual Transmission
The type of manual transmission which is available in the Indian market is called the Sequential Manual transmission.


This type of transmission doesn’t allow the driver to select any gear at a given point of time. Such a technology will be a boon for the Indian road conditions as cars need sudden acceleration and stopping.



In the type of manual transmission which is available in the country one has to move to the higher gear if one wants to pick up speed and has to do the reverse if he or she needs to slow down.

They come with a driver operated clutch which needs to be depressed while operating the gear stick. The manual transmissions which are available to the country come with four to five gears with one reverse gear. These manual transmissions are referred by their number of forward gears they have i.e. if a car has 5 forward gears they could be referred as 5 speed Manual transmissions.

Advantages of Manual Transmission
Manual Transmission offers a better fuel economy advantage over their automatic counterparts.
It is generally easy to build a robust manual transmission than a strong manual transmission.
Manual transmissions are cheaper than automatic transmissions and require less maintenance than the automatic one
A person driving a car with manual transmission has direct control over the car than a person who is driving the car with automatic transmissions.
A car with manual transmission provides an extra throttle while overtaking since the driver can move to lower gear for more power. Automatic transmission on the other hand has a delayed reaction time.
A car fitted with manual transmission requires a greater degree of control and involvement from the driver than a car with automatic transmissions. Such a system is just right for a place like India where there is a danger lurking everywhere.

Like two sides o a coin there are a few disadvantages associated with cars that use manual transmissions, they are as follows

Driving a car with manual transmission requires greater degree of skill and application, an inexperienced driver could have his hands full while driving as he has to multi task and concentrate on a lot of things simultaneously.
While climbing up a hill, a car with automatic transmission always scores over the one with manual.
In a manual transmission smooth and effective shifting of gears can only be guaranteed by an experienced driver.
A car with manual transmission can't be disabled friendly as it requires a greater degree of control and maneuvering.

Automatic Transmission
Ironically automatic transmission came into the country through two-wheelers rather than their bigger cousin cars. Kinetic Hondathe flagship model from the stable of Kinetic Motors had a decent run with automatic transmission. In this section we will offer you a brief explanation of the automatic transmission system.




The driver doesn't have to change gear ratios manually as gear ratios in the gear box change automatically thus relieving the driver from the added responsibility of changing gears.

However this type of transmission is still to become popular all over the world as they are not as fuel efficient as their manual counterparts.

Though few car models are available in the country with automatic transmission yet the manual transmission is more preferred

Brake System

Brake System

The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder. Other systems that are connected with the brake system include the parking brakes, power brake booster and the anti-lock system.
“When you step on the brake pedal, you are actually pushing against a plunger in the master cylinder which forces hydraulic oil (brake fluid) through a series of tubes and hoses to the braking unit at each wheel.”


“When you step on the brake pedal, you are actually pushing against a plunger in the master cylinder which forces hydraulic oil (brake fluid) through a series of tubes and hoses to the braking unit at each wheel.”


Since hydraulic fluid (or any fluid for that matter) cannot be compressed, pushing fluid through a pipe is just like pushing a steel bar through a pipe. Unlike a steel bar, however, fluid can be directed through many twists and turns on its way to its destination, arriving with the exact same motion and pressure that it started with.




“On a disk brake, the fluid from the master cylinder is forced into a caliper where it presses against a piston. The piston, in-turn, squeezes two brake pads against the disk (rotor) which is attached to the wheel, forcing it to slow down or stop.”
This process is similar to a bicycle brake where two rubber pads rub against the wheel rim creating friction.


“With drum brakes, fluid is forced into the wheel cylinder which pushes the brake shoes out so that the friction linings are pressed against the drum which is attached to the wheel, causing the wheel to stop.”




The main components of a disk brake are the Brake Pads, Rotor, Caliper and Caliper Support.

Drum brakes consist of a backing plate, brake shoes, brake drum, wheel cylinder, return springs and an automatic or self-adjusting system.

Automotive Lessons 4th Quarter "Engine System"

Engine System

There are several engine types which are identified by the number of cylinders and the way the cylinders are laid out. Motor vehicles will have from 3 to 12 cylinders which are arranged in the engine block in several configurations.. In-line engines have their cylinders arranged in a row. 3, 4, 5 and 6 cylinder engines commonly use this arrangement. The "V" arrangement uses two banks of cylinders side-by-side and is commonly used in V-6, V-8, V-10 and V-12 configurations. Flat engines use two opposing banks of cylinders and are less common than the other two designs. They are used in engines from Subaru and Porsche in 4 and 6 cylinder arrangements as well as in the old VW beetles with 4 cylinders. Flat engines are also used in some Ferraris with 12 cylinders


Most engine blocks are made of cast iron or cast aluminum..
Each cylinder contains a piston that travels up and down inside the cylinder bore. All the pistons in the engine are connected through individual connecting rods to a common crankshaft.


The crankshaft is located below the cylinders on an in-line engine, at the base of the V on a V-type engine and between the cylinder banks on a flat engine. As the pistons move up and down, they turn the crankshaft just like your legs pump up and down to turn the crank that is connected to the pedals of a bicycle.




A cylinder head is bolted to the top of each bank of cylinders to seal the individual cylinders and contain the combustion process that takes place inside the cylinder. Most cylinder heads are made of cast aluminum or cast iron. The cylinder head contains at least one intake valve and one exhaust valve for each cylinder. This allows the air-fuel mixture to enter the cylinder and the burned exhaust gas to exit the cylinder. Engines have at least two valves per cylinder, one intake valve and one exhaust valve. Many newer engines are using multiple intake and exhaust valves per cylinder for increased engine power and efficiency. These engines are sometimes named for the number of valves that they have such as "24 Valve V6" which indicates a V-6 engine with four valves per cylinder. Modern engine designs can use anywhere from 2 to 5 valves per cylinder.

The valves are opened and closed by means of a camshaft. A camshaft is a rotating shaft that has individual lobes for each valve. The lobe is a "bump" on one side of the shaft that pushes against a valve lifter moving it up and down. When the lobe pushes against the lifter, the lifter in turn pushes the valve open. When the lobe rotates away from the lifter, the valve is closed by a spring that is attached to the valve. A common configuration is to have one camshaft located in the engine block with the lifters connecting to the valves through a series of linkages. The camshaft must be synchronized with the crankshaft so that the camshaft makes one revolution for every two revolutions of the crankshaft. In most engines, this is done by a "Timing Chain" (similar to a bicycle chain) that connects the camshaft with the crankshaft. Newer engines have the camshaft located in the cylinder head directly over the valves. This design is more efficient but it is more costly to manufacture and requires multiple camshafts on Flat and V-type engines. It also requires much longer timing chains or timing belts which are prone to wear. Some engines have two camshafts on each head, one for the intake valves and one for the exhaust valves. These engines are called Double Overhead Camshaft (D.O.H.C.) Engines while the other type is called Single Overhead Camshaft (S.O.H.C.) Engines. Engines with the camshaft in the block are called Overhead Valve (O.H.V) Engines.
Now when you see "DOHC 24 Valve V6", you'll know what it means.




How an Engine Works
Since the same process occurs in each cylinder, we will take a look at one cylinder to see how the four stroke process works.
The four strokes are Intake, Compression, Power and Exhaust. The piston travels down on the Intake stroke, up on the Compression stroke, down on the Power stroke and up on the Exhaust stroke.




• Intake
As the piston starts down on the Intake stroke, the intake valve opens and the fuel-air mixture is drawn into the cylinder (similar to drawing back the plunger on a hypodermic needle to allow fluid to be drawn into the chamber.)
When the piston reaches the bottom of the intake stroke, the intake valve closes, trapping the air-fuel mixture in the cylinder.
• Compression
The piston moves up and compresses the trapped air fuel mixture that was brought in by the intake stroke. The amount that the mixture is compressed is determined by the compression ratio of the engine. The compression ratio on the average engine is in the range of 8:1 to 10:1.
This means that when the piston reaches the top of the cylinder, the air-fuel mixture is squeezed to about one tenth of its original volume.
• Power
The spark plug fires, igniting the compressed air-fuel mixture which produces a powerful expansion of the vapor. The combustion process pushes the piston down the cylinder with great force turning the crankshaft to provide the power to propel the vehicle. Each piston fires at a different time, determined by the engine firing order. By the time the crankshaft completes two revolutions, each cylinder in the engine will have gone through one power stroke.
• Exhaust
With the piston at the bottom of the cylinder, the exhaust valve opens to allow the burned exhaust gas to be expelled to the exhaust system. Since the cylinder contains so much pressure, when the valve opens, the gas is expelled with a violent force (that is why a vehicle without a muffler sounds so loud.) The piston travels up to the top of the cylinder pushing all the exhaust out before closing the exhaust valve in preparation for starting the four stroke process over again.

Oiling System

Oil is the life-blood of the engine. An engine running without oil will last about as long as a human without blood. Oil is pumped under pressure to all the moving parts of the engine by an oil pump. The oil pump is mounted at the bottom of the engine in the oil pan and is connected by a gear to either the crankshaft or the camshaft. This way, when the engine is turning, the oil pump is pumping.

Engine Cooling

Internal combustion engines must maintain a stable operating temperature, not too hot and not too cold. With the massive amounts of heat that is generated from the combustion process, if the engine did not have a method for cooling itself, it would quickly self-destruct. Major engine parts can warp causing oil and water leaks and the oil will boil and become useless.

Happy New Year Third Year Students!
Well we are back to reality...after so many days of vacation! we have to stick to our bargains and study again...
Here are some reminders for your long test (individual and by pair written test )and practical test...

Pointers to Review:

Automotive Mechanics Concepts
History of Automobiles(Automobile Era)
Cars by Body Structure
Cars by Geographic Region(Country Cars ASIAN,EUROPEAN,AMERICAN)
FORD Road Safety Seminar Topics (handouts/brochure given)
BLOWFATCH
Philippine Standard Road Signs
Types of Tools (Hand,Air,Power)
Car Parts:Interior and Exterior Parts
Tire Changing Procedures

Practical Test: Tire Changing (5 members per Group)

Here are some Notes for your upcoming long test in Automotive Mechanics!Just Download It....Hope it helps....God Bless

Automotive Concepts
Information Handouts Map
Definition of Automobile
Automobile Era
American Cars
European Cars
Japanese Cars
Standard Traffic Signs
BLOWFATCH
Tire Changing Grading Rubrics
How to Read Tire Sidewall Codes

Some topics are for you to research......God Bless You